Early Colorectal Responses to HIV-1 and Modulation by Antiretroviral Drugs

Innate responses during acute HIV infection correlate with disease progression and pathogenesis. However, limited information is available about the events occurring first hours of in mucosal sites transmission. With an ex vivo HIV-1 challenge model human colorectal tissue we assessed induced by R5- X4-tropic isolates 24 h exposure. Microscopy studies demonstrated virus penetration up to 39 μm into lamina propia within 6 inoculation. A rapid, post-challenge, increase level secretion inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, interferon- γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was observed following exposure or isolates. This profile persisted at later time point measured h. isolate tested greater changes proteomic transcriptomic levels than R5-tropic. The X4-isolate CCR5 ligands (RANTES, MIP-1α MIP-1β) R5-HIV-1. Potential drugs candidates for microbicides, including entry, fusion reverse transcriptase inhibitors differential capacity modulate these responses. Our findings indicate that tissue, a Th1 cytokine are viral